“that”是英語中使用頻率極高的一個(gè)詞，兼有代詞、副詞和連詞等幾個(gè)詞性，既發(fā)揮實(shí)詞的作用，又擔(dān)當(dāng)架構(gòu)復(fù)雜句式的重任。在每年的高考試卷中，that的考查幾乎是不可或缺的。

    一個(gè)that，不同“身份”

    請(qǐng)看下面一組句子，你能夠辨清that的詞性、詞義和作用嗎？

    1. The English spoken in the United States is only slightly different from that spoken in England.

    2. —Could you tell me how to get to Victoria Street?

    —Victoria Street? That is where the Grand Theatre is.

    3. The thought of going back home was all that kept him happy while he was working abroad.

    4. A warm thought suddenly came to me that I might use the pocket money to buy some flowers for my mother’s birthday.

    5. Pop music is such an important part of society that it has even influenced our language.

    6. Roses need special care so that they can live through winter.

    7. It was in New Zealand that Elizabeth first met Mr. Smith.

    8. Sometimes it was a bit boring to work there because there wasn’t always that much to do.

     在上面的幾句話中，that分別表示：

    1.用作代詞，替代前面提到的單數(shù)不可數(shù)名詞或概念，本句中代指the English；

    2.用作代詞，說明上面剛剛提到的人、事物、想法等，本句中代指Victoria Street；

    3.關(guān)系代詞，在限定性定語從句中代替先行詞all，在從句充當(dāng)主語；

    4.從屬連詞，引導(dǎo)名詞性從句，只起連接作用，無具體意義，在本句中是thought的同位語；

    5.引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句；

    6.引導(dǎo)目的狀語從句；

    7.用于強(qiáng)調(diào)句型中，起連接作用；

    8.程度副詞，等于so。

    由于在多個(gè)語法結(jié)構(gòu)中，都涉及that的使用，而that又容易與其他相關(guān)的詞或結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)生混淆，所以要真正掌握that的用法，必須把握好幾組詞和結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別。
    把握that，辨清區(qū)別

    1.that和one，it

    在使用作為代詞的that時(shí)，要區(qū)別好它與one和it的區(qū)別。請(qǐng)看下面三個(gè)題目：

    1. The information on the Internet gets around much more rapidly than ___ in the newspaper.

    A. it B. those

    C. one D. that

    2. I prefer a flat in Inveneas to _____in Perth, because I want to live near my Mom’s.

    A. one B. that

    C. it D. this

    3. In my opinion, life in the twenty-first century is much easier than ________.

    A. that used to be

    B. it is used to

    C. it was used to

    D. it used to be

    答案DAD。that，one和it的區(qū)別是：它們均代表前面說過的名詞，但that代指單數(shù)不可數(shù)名詞或概念，同類但并非同一個(gè)；one代指單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，同名異物；it代指同名同物。

    2.定語從句的that和名詞從句的that

    定語從句的關(guān)系代詞that在從句中有語法作用(做主語、賓語等)，而名詞從句中的從屬連詞that只是起連接名詞從句的作用，本身沒有詞義，沒有語法作用。因此，區(qū)別that到底是引導(dǎo)定語從句還是名詞從句，只要看其有沒有語法作用即可。例如下面兩個(gè)題目：

    1. Nobody believed the reason _______he explained for being absent from the class.

    A. why B that　　

    C. as D. because

    2. Nobody believed his reason for being absent from the class _______he had to meet his uncle at the air port.

    A. why B that　　

    C. where D. because

    答案BB。第一個(gè)句子是定語從句，that代替先行詞reason，在從句中作賓語(he explained the reason)；第二個(gè)句子是名詞從句，that引導(dǎo)的從句做reason的同位語，是進(jìn)一步說明reason的內(nèi)容，that只起連接從句的作用，在從句中不擔(dān)當(dāng)任何成分。

    3.高度警惕的幾個(gè)陷阱

    你不妨先試著回答下面幾個(gè)題目：

    1. Harry Potter is such an interesting book _____ everybody likes to read.

    A. that B. as

    C. which D. /

    2. It was along the Mississippi River ____ Mark Twain spent much of his childhood.

    A. how B. which

    C. that D. where

    3. It was evening we reached the little town of Winchester.

    A. that B. until

    C. since D. before

    4.—— Where did you get to know her?

    —— It was on the farm______we worked.

    A. that B. where

    C. which D. there

    5.—— He got his first book published. It turned out to be a bestseller.

    —— When was that?

    —— It was in 2000 ______he was still in college.

    A. that B. then

    C. which D. when

    你的答案是不是ACAAA？如果是這樣，那你只回答對(duì)了第二個(gè)題目，而另外的四個(gè)題都錯(cuò)了，因?yàn)樗鼈兌寂cthat無關(guān)，這是最典型的陷阱題。我們不妨來仔細(xì)分析一下：

    第一題，你想選擇that，那你一定是認(rèn)為這是個(gè)結(jié)果狀語從句，而that后面everybody likes to read少了“it”，因此，這不是狀語從句，而是由as引導(dǎo)的限定性定語從句。

    第二題選擇that，是It was…that…的強(qiáng)調(diào)句。因?yàn)槿サ暨@個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)，所保留的是個(gè)完整語句，即：Mark Twain spent much of his childhood along the Mississippi River，只不過使用強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)來突出地點(diǎn)“along the Mississippi River”。但是，你如果還是以強(qiáng)調(diào)句的慣性思維來回答第三至第五題，你不免就犯了“經(jīng)驗(yàn)主義”的錯(cuò)誤，因?yàn)檫@三個(gè)，如果是強(qiáng)調(diào)句的話，在去掉強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)后，都不是正確的、或不符合上下文語境的句子：即

    3.We reached the little town of Winchester evening.(evening前少介詞)

    4.—— Where did you get to know her?

    —— we worked on the farm.(答非所問)

    5.—— He got his first book published. It turned out to be a bestseller.

    —— When was that?

    —— he was still in college in 2000. (答非所問)

    從上面的分析不難看出，第三題是個(gè)時(shí)間狀語從句選擇before，第四第五都是定語從句，分別選擇where(關(guān)系副詞，地點(diǎn))，when(關(guān)系副詞，時(shí)間)。上面五個(gè)題的正確答案應(yīng)當(dāng)是BCDBD。

    英語中像that這樣的高頻用詞和高考熱點(diǎn)的詞還有很多，我們會(huì)陸續(xù)給同學(xué)們介紹。在復(fù)習(xí)中，要特別注意知識(shí)點(diǎn)的橫向聯(lián)系，把詞在不同語法結(jié)構(gòu)中的作用做一個(gè)集中梳理，對(duì)大家學(xué)習(xí)和鞏固知識(shí)非常有用。(南開中學(xué) 段勝利)